CONVERGENCE CULTURE: THE CONCEPT AND THE CRITIQUE
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Abstract
Convergence is often listed as the key characteristics of media in the digital age, while the concept of convergence culture originates from the attempt to avoid techno-centric view on the changes brought by the computer network. The aim of this paper is to provide an analysis of convergence culture and the attributes it has according to Henry Jenkins, and to critically examine the applicability of the term to the totality of computer mediated communication. The thesis that convergence culture is prevailing or desired culture in the digital environment is challenged by the views that not all internet users are productive and creative, that amateur production of internet content is in fact free labour capitalized by internet corporations and that participation in digital culture does not expand or deepen citizens' participation in social life.
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Kleut, J. (2017). CONVERGENCE CULTURE: THE CONCEPT AND THE CRITIQUE. ANNUAL REVIEW OF THE FACULTY OF PHILOSOPHY, 41(1), 165–182. Retrieved from https://godisnjak.ff.uns.ac.rs/index.php/gff/article/view/1846
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Медијске студије
References
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Burgess, J., & Green, J. (2011). YouTube: Online Video and Participatory Culture. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Carpentier, N. (2011a). Contextualising author-audience convergences: “New” technologies’ claims to increased participation, novelty and uniqueness. Cultural Studies, 25 (4–5), 517–533. doi: 10.1080/09502386.2011.600537
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Carpentier, N. (2016). Beyond the Ladder of Participation: An Analytical Toolkit for the Critical Analysis of Participatory Media Processes. Javnost - The Public, 23(1), 70–88. doi: 10.1080/13183222.2016.1149760
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Deuze, M. (2009). Media industries, work and life. European Journal of Communication, 24 (4), 467–480. doi: 10.1177/0267323109345523
Eco, E. (1986). Travels in Hyperreality. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Fidler, R. (2004). Mediamorphosis.Beograd: Clio.
Fisk, Dž. (2001). Popularna kultura. Beograd: Clio.
Fuchs, C.–Sevignani, S. (2013). What is digital labour? What is digital work? What’s their difference? And why do these questions matter for understanding social media? TripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society, 11(2), 237–293.
Gil¬lan¬, J. (2011). Te¬le¬vi¬sion ¬and ¬New¬ Me¬dia: ¬Must¬ Click ¬TV. ¬New York: Ro¬u¬tled¬ge.
Harrington, S.–Highfield, T.–Bruns, A. (2012). More than a backchannel: Twitter and television. Participations, 10(1), 13–17.
Hasebrink, U.–Domeyer, H. (2012). Media repertoires as patterns of behaviour and as meaningful practices: A multimethod approach to media use in converging media environments. Participations, 9(2), 757–779.
Hebdiž, D. (1980). Potkultura: značenje stila. Beograd: Rad.
Herkman, J. (2012). Convergence or intermediality? Finnish political communication in the New Media Age. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 18(4), 369–384. doi: 10.1177/1354856512448727.
Hesmondhalgh, D. (2010). User-generated content, free labour and the cultural industries. Ephemera, 10(3/4), 267–284.
Hay, J.–Couldry, N. (2011). Rethinking convergence/culture: An introduction. Cultural Studies, 25(4–5), 473–486. doi: 10.1080/09502386.2011.600527
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Jenkins, H. (2014). Rethinking “Rethinking Convergence/Culture.” Cultural Studies, 28(2), 267–297. doi: 10.1080/09502386.2013.801579
Jenkins, H.–Carpentier, N. (2013). Theorizing participatory intensities: A conversation about participation and politics. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 19(3), 265–286. doi: 10.1177/1354856513482090
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Kleut, J.–Drašković, B. (2014). Participacija publike i novinarska praksa u Srbiji: stavovi novinara i urednika. U: Nikolić, M. (ured.). Zbornik radova sa naučnog skupa Menadžment dramskih umetnosti i medija – izazovi XXI veka. Beograd: Fakultet dramskih umetnosti, Institut za pozorište, film, radio i televiziju. 335–348.
Lasica, J. (2003). Blogs and Journalism Need Each Other. Nieman Reports http://niemanreports.org/articles/blogs-and-journalism-need-each-other/
Lazzarato, M. (2004). Nematerijalni rad. Čemu, VI(12/13), 149 –158.
Lister, M., Dovey, J., Giddings, S., Grant, I., & Kelly, K. (2009). New Media: A critical introduction (Second Edition). London: Routledge.
Livingstone, S. (1990). Making Sense of Television: The Psychology of Audience Interpretation. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Lovink, G., & Tkacz, N. (eds.) (2011). Critical Point of View: A Wikipedia Reader. Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures.
Malmelin, N., & Villi, M. (2015). Co-creation of what? Modes of audience community collaboration in media work. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, (online first). doi: 10.1177/1354856515592511
Meyers, E. A. (2012). „Blogs give regular people the chance to talk back”: Rethinking “professional” media hierarchies in new media. New Media & Society, 14(6), 1022–1038. doi: 10.1177/1461444812439052
Morley, D. (1992). Television, audiences and cultural studies. London and New York: Routledge.
Negropont, N. (1998). Biti digitalan. Beograd: Clio.
Nee, R. C. (2013). Social TV and the 2012 Election: Exploring Political Outcomes of Multiscreen Media Usages. Electronic News, 7(4), 171–188. doi: 10.1177/1931243113515677
Pavlíčková, T.–Kleut, J. (2016). Produsage as experience and interpretation. Participations: Journal of Audience and Reception Studies, 13(1): 349-359.
Perryman, N. (2008). Doctor Who and the Convergence of Media: A Case Study in ‘Transmedia Storytelling’. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 14(1), 21–39. doi: 10.1177/1354856507084417
Picone, I. (2011). Produsage as a Form of Self-publication. A Qualitative Study of Casual News Produsage. New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia, 17(1), 99–120. doi: 10.1080/13614568.2011.552643
Radway, J. (1991). Reading the Romance: Women, Patriarchy, and Popular Literature. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Ritzer, G. (2014). Prosumption: Evolution, Revolution, or Eternal Return of the Same? Journal of Consumer Culture, 14(1), 3–24. doi: 10.1177/1469540513509641
Robinson, S. (2010). Traditionalists vs. Convergers: Textual Privilege, Boundary Work, and the Journalist--Audience Relationship in the Commenting Policies of Online News Sites. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 16(1), 125–143. doi: 10.1177/1354856509347719
Schrøder, C. K. (2011). Audiences are inherently cross-media: Audience studies and the cross-media challenge. CM - časopis za upravljanje komuniciranjem, 6(18), 5–27.
Shirky, C. (2010). Cognitive Surplus: Creativity and Generosity in a Connected Age. London: Penguin Books.
Singer, J. B et al. (2011). Participatory Journalism: Guarding Open Gates at Online Newspapers. West-Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.
Silverstone, R. (1995). Convergence is a dangerous word. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 1(1), 11–13. doi: 10.1177/135485659500100102
Terranova, T. (2004). Network culture: Politics for the information age. London: Pluto Press.
Van Dijck, J. (2009). Users like you? Theorizing agency in user-generated content. Media, Culture, and Society, 31(1), 41–58. doi: 10.1177/0163443708098245
Van Dijck, J.–Nieborg, D. (2009). Wikinomics and its discontents: a critical analysis of Web 2.0 business manifestos. New Media & Society, 11(5), 855–874. doi: 10.1177/1461444809105356
Vesnić-Alujević, L.–Murru, I. M. F. (2016). Digital audiences disempowerment: Participation or free labour. Participations: Journal of Audience and Reception Studies, 13(1): 422–430.
Wilson, S. (2015). In the living room: Second screens and TV audiences. Television & New Media, 17(2): 174 –191. doi: 10.1177/1527476415593348
Bergström, A. (2008). The Reluctant Audience: Online Participation in the Swedish Journalistic Context. Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture, 5(2), 60–80.
Bird, S. E. (2011). Are We All Produsers Now?: Convergence and Media Audience Practices. Cultural Studies, 25(4-5), 502–516. doi: 10.1080/09502386.2011.600532
Bolin, G. (2012). The labour of media use. Information, Communication & Society, 15(6), 796–814. doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2012.677052
Bolter, J. D., & Grusin, R. (2000). Remediation: Understanding New Media. Cambridge-London: MIT Press.
Bruns, A. (2008). Blogs, Wikipedia, Second Life, and Beyond: From Production to Produsage. New York: Peter Lang.
Bruns, A. (2006). Towards Produsage: Futures for User-Led Content Production. In Fay Sudweeks, Herbert Hrachovec, & Charles Ess (eds.) Proceedings Cultural Attitudes towards Communication and Technology, Tartu, pp. 275–284.
Burgess, J., & Green, J. (2011). YouTube: Online Video and Participatory Culture. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Carpentier, N. (2011a). Contextualising author-audience convergences: “New” technologies’ claims to increased participation, novelty and uniqueness. Cultural Studies, 25 (4–5), 517–533. doi: 10.1080/09502386.2011.600537
Carpentier, N. (2011b). The concept of participation. If they have access and interact, do they really participate?. CM, Communication Management Quarterly, 21: 13–36.
Carpentier, N. (2016). Beyond the Ladder of Participation: An Analytical Toolkit for the Critical Analysis of Participatory Media Processes. Javnost - The Public, 23(1), 70–88. doi: 10.1080/13183222.2016.1149760
Deuze, M. (2007). Convergence culture in the creative industries. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 10(2), 243–263. doi: 10.1177/1367877907076793
Deuze, M. (2009). Media industries, work and life. European Journal of Communication, 24 (4), 467–480. doi: 10.1177/0267323109345523
Eco, E. (1986). Travels in Hyperreality. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Fidler, R. (2004). Mediamorphosis.Beograd: Clio.
Fisk, Dž. (2001). Popularna kultura. Beograd: Clio.
Fuchs, C.–Sevignani, S. (2013). What is digital labour? What is digital work? What’s their difference? And why do these questions matter for understanding social media? TripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society, 11(2), 237–293.
Gil¬lan¬, J. (2011). Te¬le¬vi¬sion ¬and ¬New¬ Me¬dia: ¬Must¬ Click ¬TV. ¬New York: Ro¬u¬tled¬ge.
Harrington, S.–Highfield, T.–Bruns, A. (2012). More than a backchannel: Twitter and television. Participations, 10(1), 13–17.
Hasebrink, U.–Domeyer, H. (2012). Media repertoires as patterns of behaviour and as meaningful practices: A multimethod approach to media use in converging media environments. Participations, 9(2), 757–779.
Hebdiž, D. (1980). Potkultura: značenje stila. Beograd: Rad.
Herkman, J. (2012). Convergence or intermediality? Finnish political communication in the New Media Age. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 18(4), 369–384. doi: 10.1177/1354856512448727.
Hesmondhalgh, D. (2010). User-generated content, free labour and the cultural industries. Ephemera, 10(3/4), 267–284.
Hay, J.–Couldry, N. (2011). Rethinking convergence/culture: An introduction. Cultural Studies, 25(4–5), 473–486. doi: 10.1080/09502386.2011.600527
Iris, A. (1999). Informacione magistrale. Beograd: Clio.
Jenkins, H. (1992). Textual poachers: Television fans and participatory culture. New York: Routledge.
Jenkins, H. (2006). Convergence culture: where old and new media collide. New York: New York University Press.
Jenkins, H. (2014). Rethinking “Rethinking Convergence/Culture.” Cultural Studies, 28(2), 267–297. doi: 10.1080/09502386.2013.801579
Jenkins, H.–Carpentier, N. (2013). Theorizing participatory intensities: A conversation about participation and politics. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 19(3), 265–286. doi: 10.1177/1354856513482090
Jenkins, H.–Ford, S.–Green, J. (2013). Spreadable media: Creating value and meaning in a networked culture. New York: New York University Press.
Kleut, Jelena (2011). Veb dizajn i konstruisanje pozicije korisnika. U: Veljanovski, R. (ured.), Zbornik Verodostojnost medija: dometi medijske tranzicije (153–169). Beograd: Čigoja.
Kleut, J.–Drašković, B. (2014). Participacija publike i novinarska praksa u Srbiji: stavovi novinara i urednika. U: Nikolić, M. (ured.). Zbornik radova sa naučnog skupa Menadžment dramskih umetnosti i medija – izazovi XXI veka. Beograd: Fakultet dramskih umetnosti, Institut za pozorište, film, radio i televiziju. 335–348.
Lasica, J. (2003). Blogs and Journalism Need Each Other. Nieman Reports http://niemanreports.org/articles/blogs-and-journalism-need-each-other/
Lazzarato, M. (2004). Nematerijalni rad. Čemu, VI(12/13), 149 –158.
Lister, M., Dovey, J., Giddings, S., Grant, I., & Kelly, K. (2009). New Media: A critical introduction (Second Edition). London: Routledge.
Livingstone, S. (1990). Making Sense of Television: The Psychology of Audience Interpretation. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Lovink, G., & Tkacz, N. (eds.) (2011). Critical Point of View: A Wikipedia Reader. Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures.
Malmelin, N., & Villi, M. (2015). Co-creation of what? Modes of audience community collaboration in media work. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, (online first). doi: 10.1177/1354856515592511
Meyers, E. A. (2012). „Blogs give regular people the chance to talk back”: Rethinking “professional” media hierarchies in new media. New Media & Society, 14(6), 1022–1038. doi: 10.1177/1461444812439052
Morley, D. (1992). Television, audiences and cultural studies. London and New York: Routledge.
Negropont, N. (1998). Biti digitalan. Beograd: Clio.
Nee, R. C. (2013). Social TV and the 2012 Election: Exploring Political Outcomes of Multiscreen Media Usages. Electronic News, 7(4), 171–188. doi: 10.1177/1931243113515677
Pavlíčková, T.–Kleut, J. (2016). Produsage as experience and interpretation. Participations: Journal of Audience and Reception Studies, 13(1): 349-359.
Perryman, N. (2008). Doctor Who and the Convergence of Media: A Case Study in ‘Transmedia Storytelling’. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 14(1), 21–39. doi: 10.1177/1354856507084417
Picone, I. (2011). Produsage as a Form of Self-publication. A Qualitative Study of Casual News Produsage. New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia, 17(1), 99–120. doi: 10.1080/13614568.2011.552643
Radway, J. (1991). Reading the Romance: Women, Patriarchy, and Popular Literature. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Ritzer, G. (2014). Prosumption: Evolution, Revolution, or Eternal Return of the Same? Journal of Consumer Culture, 14(1), 3–24. doi: 10.1177/1469540513509641
Robinson, S. (2010). Traditionalists vs. Convergers: Textual Privilege, Boundary Work, and the Journalist--Audience Relationship in the Commenting Policies of Online News Sites. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 16(1), 125–143. doi: 10.1177/1354856509347719
Schrøder, C. K. (2011). Audiences are inherently cross-media: Audience studies and the cross-media challenge. CM - časopis za upravljanje komuniciranjem, 6(18), 5–27.
Shirky, C. (2010). Cognitive Surplus: Creativity and Generosity in a Connected Age. London: Penguin Books.
Singer, J. B et al. (2011). Participatory Journalism: Guarding Open Gates at Online Newspapers. West-Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.
Silverstone, R. (1995). Convergence is a dangerous word. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 1(1), 11–13. doi: 10.1177/135485659500100102
Terranova, T. (2004). Network culture: Politics for the information age. London: Pluto Press.
Van Dijck, J. (2009). Users like you? Theorizing agency in user-generated content. Media, Culture, and Society, 31(1), 41–58. doi: 10.1177/0163443708098245
Van Dijck, J.–Nieborg, D. (2009). Wikinomics and its discontents: a critical analysis of Web 2.0 business manifestos. New Media & Society, 11(5), 855–874. doi: 10.1177/1461444809105356
Vesnić-Alujević, L.–Murru, I. M. F. (2016). Digital audiences disempowerment: Participation or free labour. Participations: Journal of Audience and Reception Studies, 13(1): 422–430.
Wilson, S. (2015). In the living room: Second screens and TV audiences. Television & New Media, 17(2): 174 –191. doi: 10.1177/1527476415593348