THE POSITIVITY OF THE ETHNIC STEREOTYPES OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN VOJVODINA TOWARD ETHNIC GROUPS
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Abstract
The main research question in this study was focused on how adolescents’ stereotypes toward several ethnic groups which live on the territory of Vojvodina look like today, and what is the direction of these specific stereotypes. The sample involved 804 elementary (final year) and high school (all four years) students from Vojvodina. As a measurement for ethnic stereotypes we used the modified version of the Katz-Braly stereotype checklist. Besides that, the positivity/negativity of each stereotype toward different ethnic groups was assessed and compared. Stereotypes toward five ethnic groups whose members live on the territory of Vojvodina were examined (Croats, Hungarians, Roma, Albanian and Montenegrins). The results show that there are clear stereotypical pictures of all mentioned ethnic groups and that there are major differences between the positivity of these stereotypes. Findings show that the most negative stereotypes are toward Albanians and Roma, whereas stereotypes toward the other three ethnic groups seem to be more positive. Significant differences in positivity of stereotypes with regard to gender and age were captured, as well as the interaction effect of these two variables showed to be significant. Namely, males had more negative stereotypes toward every ethnic group except Montenegrins and younger participants had more negative stereotypes, but only toward Roma. There were no gender differences among high school (older) students with regard to stereotypes only toward Roma. Parents’ education level had no significant influence on the positivity of their children’s stereotypes.
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Mihić, V., Varga, S., Surla, L., & Karan, M. (2017). THE POSITIVITY OF THE ETHNIC STEREOTYPES OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN VOJVODINA TOWARD ETHNIC GROUPS. ANNUAL REVIEW OF THE FACULTY OF PHILOSOPHY, 41(2), 305–322. Retrieved from https://godisnjak.ff.uns.ac.rs/index.php/gff/article/view/1886
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Психологија
References
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Aronson, E., Wilson, T. D., & Akert, R. M. (2013). Socijalna psihologija. Beograd: Mate.
Atanasović, Z. (2006). Ethnic Tensions-An Obstacle for Security in Kosovo. Western Balkans Security Observer-English Edition, 3, 33-37.
Baldwin-Edwards, M. (2004). Albanian emigration and the Greek labour market: Economic symbiosis and social ambiguity. South East Europe Review for Labor and Social Affairs, 1, 51-65.
Bar-Tal, D. (1993). Patriotism as fundamental beliefs of group members. Politics and the Individual, 3, 45–62.
Berscheid, E. , Boye, D. and Darley, J. M. (1968). Effects of forced association upon voluntary choice to associate. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 709-718.
Biro, M. and Milin, P. (2005). Traumatic experience and the process of reconciliation. Psihologija, 38(2), 133-148.
Biro, M., Mihić, V., Milin, P. and Logar, S. (2002). Did socio-political changes in Serbia changed the level of authoritarianism and ethnocentrizm of citizens. Psihologija, 35(1-2), 37-48.
Clifton, A. K. McGrath, D. and Wick, B. (1976). Stereotypes of women: a single category? Sex roles, 2, 135-148.
Čorkalo Biruški, D. and Penić, S. (2014). Traumatised Selves: Does War Trauma Facilitate In-Group Bonding and Out-Group Distancing? In: D. Spini, G. Elcheroth & Corkalo Biruski, D. (Eds). War, Community, and Social Change: Collective Experiences in the Former Yugoslavia (pp. 137-153). New York: Springer.
Deaux, K. and Lewis, L. (1984). Structure of gender stereotypes: Interrelationships among components and gender label. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 991-1004.
Eisenberg-Berg, N. and Mussen, P. (1978). Empathy and moral development in adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 14(2), 185-186.
Ekehammar, B. and Akrami, N. (2003). The relation between personality and prejudice: a variable- and a person-centred approach. European Journal of Personality, 17, 449-464.
Elcheroth, G., Čorkalo Biruški, D. and Spini, D. (2014). Conclusion - war and community : what have we learned about their relationship? In D. Spini, G. Elcheroth & Corkalo Biruski, D. (Eds). War, Community, and Social Change: Collective Experiences in the Former Yugoslavia (pp. 227-235). New York: Springer.
Endresen, I. M. and Olweus, D. (2001). Self-reported empathy in Norwegian adolescents: Sex differences, age trends, and relationship to bullying. In: A. C. Bohart and D. J. Stipek (Eds). Constructive & destructive behavior: Implications for family, school, & society (pp. 147-165). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Feshbach, N. D. and Roe, K. (1968). Empathy in Six- and Seven-Year-Olds. Child Development , 39 (1), 133-145.
Fishman, J. A. (1963). Nationality-nationalism and nation-nationalism. In: J. A. Fishman, C. A. Ferguson and J. D. Gupta (Eds. ), Language Problems in Developing Countries. New York: Willey.
Franceško, M. , Mihić, V. and Kajon, J. (2005). Socijalna distanca i stereotipi o Romima kod dece novosadskih osnovnih škola /Social distance and stereotypes of Roma of primary school children in Novi Sad/. Psihologija, 39(2), 167-182.
Glick, P. and Fiske, S. (1999). The ambivalence toward men inventory: differenting hostile and benevolent beliefs about men. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 23, 519-536.
Glick, P., and Fiske, S. T. (1996). The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 491-512.
Herek, G. M. (2000). The psychology of sexual prejudice. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 19-22.
Herzfeld. M. (2007). Small-mindedness writ large: on the migrations and manners of prejudice. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 33(2), 255-274.
Kamenov, Ž., & Čorkalo, D. (1997). Mjerenje promjena nacionalnih stereotipa: Primjena metode SYMLOG-a. Društvena istraživanja, 6(2-3), 361-372.
King, R., Iosifides, T. and Myrivili, L. (1998). A migrant's story: From Albania to Athens, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 24(1).
Kosterman, R. and Feshbach, S. (1989). Toward a measure of patriotic and nationalistic attitudes. Political Psychology, 10, 257–274.
Lippmann, W. (1946). Public opinion. Transaction Publishers.
Macrae, C. N., Milne, A. B., and Bodenhausen, G. V. (1994). Stereotypes as energy-saving devices: a peek inside the cognitive toolbox. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(1), 37-47.
McConahay, J.B. (1986). Modern racism, ambivalence, and the Modern racism scale. In: J.F. Dovidio and S.L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, Discrimination and Racism. Orlando: Academic Press.
Mihić, V. and Mihić, I. (2003). Poznajem, prihvatam, poštujem- istraživanje etničke distance kod dece i njihovih roditelja /I know, I accept and respect – ethnic distance in children and their parents/. Psihologija, 36(2), 167-182.
Mihić, V. and Mihić, I. (2004). Kontakt hipoteza na delu-da li blizina znači i bliskost? /Contact hypothesis in action – does “close” mean “respect”?/ oral presentation at 52. naučno-stručnom skupu psihologa Srbije (Kopaonik 26-29.5. Book of abstracts, 50.
Milošević, L. (2004). »Srbi o drugima, društvena udaljenost Srba od pripadnika drugih naroda, nacionalnih manjina i etničkih grupa u jugoistočnoj Srbiji«, u: Ljubiša Mitrović, Dragoljub B. Đorđević i Dragan Todorović (ur.). Kvalitet međuetničkih odnosa, svest o regionalnom identitetu i mogućnosti saradnje i integracije na Balkanu. Niš: Sven, str. 95−112
Morrison, T. G. , Kenny, P. and Harrington, A. (2005). Modern prejudice toward gay men and lesbian women: assessing the viability of a measure of modern homonegative attitudes within an Irish context. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 2(2), 34-45.
Mummendey, A. and Otten, S. (2003). Aversive discrimination. In: R. Brown and S. Gaertner (Eds.), Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology: Integroup Processes. Oxford: Blackwell.
Nastran Ule, M. (1997). Temelji socialne psihologije. Ljubljana: Znanstveno in publicistično središče.
Nesdale, D. (2004). Social identity processes and children's ethnic prejudice. In: M. Bennett i F. Sani (Eds.), The Development of Social Self. New York: Psychology Press.
Ogris, G. (1996). Nationalismus in Ost- und Westeuropa. In: M. Lay and F. Gehmacher (Eds. ), Das Ende des Nationalismusm. Wien.
Petigrew, T. F. and Meertens, R. W. (1995). Subtle and blatant prejudices in Western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 57-75.
Petigrew, T. F. and Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751-783.
Petrović, N. (2003). Međusobni stereotipi Hrvata, Bošnjaka i Srba u svetlu dvofaktorske teorije predrasuda. Sociologija, 45(1), 15-32.
Popadić, D. & Biro, M. (1999). Austereotipi i heterostereotipi Srba u Srbiji. Nova srpska politička misao, 6(1-2), 89-109.
Puhalo, S. (2012). Razlike u socijalnoj percepciji etničkih grupa i pojedinaca kod učenika trećeg razreda gimnazija u Mostaru, Banjoj Luci i Sarajevu. Sarajevski žurnal za društvena pitanja, 1, 245-262.
Reidy, C. M., Taylor, L. K., Merrilees, C. E., Ajduković, D., Čorkalo Biruški, D. and Cummings, E. M. (2015). The political socialization of youth in a post-conflict community. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 45, 11-23.
Schwandner-Sievers, S. (2008). Albanians, Albanianism and the strategic subversion of stereotypes, Anthropological notebooks, 14 (2), 47–64.
Tajfel, H. (1970). Experiments in intergroup discrimination. Scientific American, 223, 96-102.
Turjačanin, V. (2004). Ethnic stereotypes among Bosniak and Serbian youth in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Psihologija, 37(3), 357-374.
van der Mark, I., van Ijzendoorn, M. H. and Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2002). Development of Empathy in Girls During the Second Year of Life: Associations with Parenting, Attachment, and Temperament. Social Development, 11(4), 451-468).
Žolt, L. i Koković, D. (2005). Etnička distanca u Vojvodini /Ethnic distance in Vojvodina/. Sociološki pregled, 39(3), 251-264.
Aronson, E., Wilson, T. D., & Akert, R. M. (2013). Socijalna psihologija. Beograd: Mate.
Atanasović, Z. (2006). Ethnic Tensions-An Obstacle for Security in Kosovo. Western Balkans Security Observer-English Edition, 3, 33-37.
Baldwin-Edwards, M. (2004). Albanian emigration and the Greek labour market: Economic symbiosis and social ambiguity. South East Europe Review for Labor and Social Affairs, 1, 51-65.
Bar-Tal, D. (1993). Patriotism as fundamental beliefs of group members. Politics and the Individual, 3, 45–62.
Berscheid, E. , Boye, D. and Darley, J. M. (1968). Effects of forced association upon voluntary choice to associate. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 709-718.
Biro, M. and Milin, P. (2005). Traumatic experience and the process of reconciliation. Psihologija, 38(2), 133-148.
Biro, M., Mihić, V., Milin, P. and Logar, S. (2002). Did socio-political changes in Serbia changed the level of authoritarianism and ethnocentrizm of citizens. Psihologija, 35(1-2), 37-48.
Clifton, A. K. McGrath, D. and Wick, B. (1976). Stereotypes of women: a single category? Sex roles, 2, 135-148.
Čorkalo Biruški, D. and Penić, S. (2014). Traumatised Selves: Does War Trauma Facilitate In-Group Bonding and Out-Group Distancing? In: D. Spini, G. Elcheroth & Corkalo Biruski, D. (Eds). War, Community, and Social Change: Collective Experiences in the Former Yugoslavia (pp. 137-153). New York: Springer.
Deaux, K. and Lewis, L. (1984). Structure of gender stereotypes: Interrelationships among components and gender label. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 991-1004.
Eisenberg-Berg, N. and Mussen, P. (1978). Empathy and moral development in adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 14(2), 185-186.
Ekehammar, B. and Akrami, N. (2003). The relation between personality and prejudice: a variable- and a person-centred approach. European Journal of Personality, 17, 449-464.
Elcheroth, G., Čorkalo Biruški, D. and Spini, D. (2014). Conclusion - war and community : what have we learned about their relationship? In D. Spini, G. Elcheroth & Corkalo Biruski, D. (Eds). War, Community, and Social Change: Collective Experiences in the Former Yugoslavia (pp. 227-235). New York: Springer.
Endresen, I. M. and Olweus, D. (2001). Self-reported empathy in Norwegian adolescents: Sex differences, age trends, and relationship to bullying. In: A. C. Bohart and D. J. Stipek (Eds). Constructive & destructive behavior: Implications for family, school, & society (pp. 147-165). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Feshbach, N. D. and Roe, K. (1968). Empathy in Six- and Seven-Year-Olds. Child Development , 39 (1), 133-145.
Fishman, J. A. (1963). Nationality-nationalism and nation-nationalism. In: J. A. Fishman, C. A. Ferguson and J. D. Gupta (Eds. ), Language Problems in Developing Countries. New York: Willey.
Franceško, M. , Mihić, V. and Kajon, J. (2005). Socijalna distanca i stereotipi o Romima kod dece novosadskih osnovnih škola /Social distance and stereotypes of Roma of primary school children in Novi Sad/. Psihologija, 39(2), 167-182.
Glick, P. and Fiske, S. (1999). The ambivalence toward men inventory: differenting hostile and benevolent beliefs about men. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 23, 519-536.
Glick, P., and Fiske, S. T. (1996). The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 491-512.
Herek, G. M. (2000). The psychology of sexual prejudice. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 19-22.
Herzfeld. M. (2007). Small-mindedness writ large: on the migrations and manners of prejudice. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 33(2), 255-274.
Kamenov, Ž., & Čorkalo, D. (1997). Mjerenje promjena nacionalnih stereotipa: Primjena metode SYMLOG-a. Društvena istraživanja, 6(2-3), 361-372.
King, R., Iosifides, T. and Myrivili, L. (1998). A migrant's story: From Albania to Athens, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 24(1).
Kosterman, R. and Feshbach, S. (1989). Toward a measure of patriotic and nationalistic attitudes. Political Psychology, 10, 257–274.
Lippmann, W. (1946). Public opinion. Transaction Publishers.
Macrae, C. N., Milne, A. B., and Bodenhausen, G. V. (1994). Stereotypes as energy-saving devices: a peek inside the cognitive toolbox. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(1), 37-47.
McConahay, J.B. (1986). Modern racism, ambivalence, and the Modern racism scale. In: J.F. Dovidio and S.L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, Discrimination and Racism. Orlando: Academic Press.
Mihić, V. and Mihić, I. (2003). Poznajem, prihvatam, poštujem- istraživanje etničke distance kod dece i njihovih roditelja /I know, I accept and respect – ethnic distance in children and their parents/. Psihologija, 36(2), 167-182.
Mihić, V. and Mihić, I. (2004). Kontakt hipoteza na delu-da li blizina znači i bliskost? /Contact hypothesis in action – does “close” mean “respect”?/ oral presentation at 52. naučno-stručnom skupu psihologa Srbije (Kopaonik 26-29.5. Book of abstracts, 50.
Milošević, L. (2004). »Srbi o drugima, društvena udaljenost Srba od pripadnika drugih naroda, nacionalnih manjina i etničkih grupa u jugoistočnoj Srbiji«, u: Ljubiša Mitrović, Dragoljub B. Đorđević i Dragan Todorović (ur.). Kvalitet međuetničkih odnosa, svest o regionalnom identitetu i mogućnosti saradnje i integracije na Balkanu. Niš: Sven, str. 95−112
Morrison, T. G. , Kenny, P. and Harrington, A. (2005). Modern prejudice toward gay men and lesbian women: assessing the viability of a measure of modern homonegative attitudes within an Irish context. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 2(2), 34-45.
Mummendey, A. and Otten, S. (2003). Aversive discrimination. In: R. Brown and S. Gaertner (Eds.), Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology: Integroup Processes. Oxford: Blackwell.
Nastran Ule, M. (1997). Temelji socialne psihologije. Ljubljana: Znanstveno in publicistično središče.
Nesdale, D. (2004). Social identity processes and children's ethnic prejudice. In: M. Bennett i F. Sani (Eds.), The Development of Social Self. New York: Psychology Press.
Ogris, G. (1996). Nationalismus in Ost- und Westeuropa. In: M. Lay and F. Gehmacher (Eds. ), Das Ende des Nationalismusm. Wien.
Petigrew, T. F. and Meertens, R. W. (1995). Subtle and blatant prejudices in Western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 57-75.
Petigrew, T. F. and Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751-783.
Petrović, N. (2003). Međusobni stereotipi Hrvata, Bošnjaka i Srba u svetlu dvofaktorske teorije predrasuda. Sociologija, 45(1), 15-32.
Popadić, D. & Biro, M. (1999). Austereotipi i heterostereotipi Srba u Srbiji. Nova srpska politička misao, 6(1-2), 89-109.
Puhalo, S. (2012). Razlike u socijalnoj percepciji etničkih grupa i pojedinaca kod učenika trećeg razreda gimnazija u Mostaru, Banjoj Luci i Sarajevu. Sarajevski žurnal za društvena pitanja, 1, 245-262.
Reidy, C. M., Taylor, L. K., Merrilees, C. E., Ajduković, D., Čorkalo Biruški, D. and Cummings, E. M. (2015). The political socialization of youth in a post-conflict community. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 45, 11-23.
Schwandner-Sievers, S. (2008). Albanians, Albanianism and the strategic subversion of stereotypes, Anthropological notebooks, 14 (2), 47–64.
Tajfel, H. (1970). Experiments in intergroup discrimination. Scientific American, 223, 96-102.
Turjačanin, V. (2004). Ethnic stereotypes among Bosniak and Serbian youth in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Psihologija, 37(3), 357-374.
van der Mark, I., van Ijzendoorn, M. H. and Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2002). Development of Empathy in Girls During the Second Year of Life: Associations with Parenting, Attachment, and Temperament. Social Development, 11(4), 451-468).
Žolt, L. i Koković, D. (2005). Etnička distanca u Vojvodini /Ethnic distance in Vojvodina/. Sociološki pregled, 39(3), 251-264.