ETIČKA PITANJA PRIMENE „POBOLJŠIVAČA“ KOD DECE TIPIČNOG RAZVOJA
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S obzirom na to da je psihologija humanistička nauka i pomagačka profesija, može se reći da su etička pitanja, zapravo, temelj zadovoljavajuće dizajniranog psihološkog istraživanja. Ukoliko se ovim konstatacijama pridruži interdisciplinaranost psihologije, kao i stalan napredak naučnih dostignuća kojima se koristi psihologija, može se ustanoviti potreba kontinuirane provere prirode istraživanja od strane etičkih komiteta. Istraživanja nad specifičnim populacijama, poput dece, koja koriste relativno problematična sredstva, kao što su medikamenti-„poboljšivači“, pri prevenciji ili terapiji određenih maladaptivnih fenomena u domenu psihičkog funkcionisanja, iziskuju strožu kontrolu etičkih komiteta. Ekspanzija proizvodnje medikamenata koji se koriste u medikamentom tretmanu dece van okvira patološkog funkcionisanja, čini ovo područje još problematičnijim. U ovom članku dat je konceptualni okvir problematike primene medikamenata – „poboljšivača“ na populaciji dece tipičnog razvoja, opisani su argumenti „za“ i „protiv“ korišćenja „poboljšivača“ kod ove specifične populacije, a takođe su sa kritičkog stanovišta psihološke profesije prodiskutovane posledice masovne upotrebe medikamenata u situacijama kada njihovo korišćenje nije nužno. U poslednjem delu rada analizirane su mogućnosti i obaveze psihologa kao stručnjaka u radu sa decom koja konzumiraju medikamente u cilju poboljšanja kognitivnih i emotivnih performansi koje se već nalaze na optimalnom nivou funkcionisanja.
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Milovanović, I. (2017). ETIČKA PITANJA PRIMENE „POBOLJŠIVAČA“ KOD DECE TIPIČNOG RAZVOJA. Годишњак Филозофског факултета у Новом Саду, 41(2), 289–304. преузето од https://godisnjak.ff.uns.ac.rs/index.php/gff/article/view/1885
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Allhoff, F. (2005). Germ-line genetic enhancement and rawlsian primary goods. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 15(1), 39-56. Preuzeto sa: http://files.allhoff.org/research/Genetic_Enhancement_Rawlsian_Primary_Goods.pdf
Allhoff, F., Lin, P., Moor, J., & Wecker J. (2009). Ethics of Human Enhancement: 25 Questions & Answers. US National Science Foundation. Preuzeto sa: http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=phil_fac
Bostrom, N., & Roache, R. (2008). Ethical issues in human enhancement. In Ryberg Petersen, & Wolf (Eds.) New Waves in Applied Ethics, (pp. 120-152). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Preuzeto sa: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rebecca_Roache/publication/256812841_Ethical_issues_in_human_enhancement/links/0deec523c954e40574000000.pdf
Chau, V. (2007). Popping pills to study: Neuroethics in education. Stanford Journal of Neuroscience, 1(1), 18-20. Preuzeto sa: http://web.stanford.edu/group/co-sign/Chau.pdf
Craig, I., & Plomin, R. (2006). Quantitative trait loci for IQ and other complex traits: Single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping using pooled DNA and microarrays. Genes Brain and Behavior, 5, 32– 37. DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183X.2006.00192.x
Elliott, R., Sahakian, B. J., Matthews, K., Bannerjea, A., Rimmer, J., & Robbins, T. W. (1997). Effects of methylphenidate on spatial working memory and planning in healthy young adults. Psychopharmacology, 131(2), 196-206. Preuzeto sa: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s002130050284
Farah, M. J. (2005). Neuroethics: the practical and the philosophical. Trends in Cognitive Science, 9, 34–40. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2004.12.001
Farah, M. J., Illes, J., Cook-Deegan, R., Gardner, H., Kandel, E., King, P., ... , & Wolpe, P. (2004). Neurocognitive enhancement: What can we do and what should we do? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5(5), 421–425. DOI:10.1038/nrn1390
Farah, M.J. (2004). Emerging ethical issues in neuroscience. Nature Neuroscience, 5(11), 1123-1130. DOI:10.1038/nn1102-1123
Fava, M., Rush, J., Thase, M., Clayton, A., Stahl, S., Pradko, J, & Johnston, A. (2005). 15 years of clinical experience with Bupropion HCl: From Bupropion to Bupropion SR to Bupropion XL. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 7(3), 106-113. DOI: 10.4088/PCC.v07n0305
Flett, G.L., Vrendenburg, K. & Krames, L. (1997). The continuity of depression in clinical and nonclinical samples. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 395-416. Preuzeto sa: http://psycnet.apa.org.proxy.kobson.nb.rs:2048/journals/bul/121/3/395.pdf&productCode=pa
Flower, R. (2004). Lifestyle drugs: pharmacology and the social agenda. Trends in Pharmacological Science, 25, 182–185. DOI:10.1016/j.tips.2004.02.006
Fukujama, F. (2003). Naša posthumana budućnost: posledice biotehnološke revolucije. Podgorica: CID.
Fuller, J. K., & Glendening, J. G. (1985). The neuroeducator: professional of the future. Theory into Practice, 24(2), 135-137. Preuzeto sa: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1476429
Graham, A., Powell, M., Taylor, N., Anderson, D., & Fitzgerald, R. (2013). Ethical research involving children. Florence: UNICEF Office of Research–Innocenti. Preuzeto sa: https://aifs.gov.au/sites/default/files/fm96-ag.pdf
Harcourt, D., & Conroy, H. (2005). Informed assent: Ethics and processes when researching with young children. Early Child Development and Care, 175(6), 567-577. DOI: 10.1080/03004430500131353
Helland, I. B., Smith, L., Saarem, K., Saugstad, O. D., & Drevon, C. A. (2003). Maternal supplementation with very-long-chain N-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation augments children’s IQ at 4 years of age. Pediatrics, 111(1), 39–44. DOI: 10.1542/peds.111.1.e39
Juengst, E. (1997). Can enhancement be distinguished from prevention in genetic medicine? Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 22, 125-142. Preuzeto sa: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.454.5125&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Kass, L. (2003). Ageless bodies, happy souls: Biotechnology and the pursuit of perfection. The New Atlantis, 1, 9–28. Preuzeto sa: http://www.thenewatlantis.com/doclib/tna01-kass.pdf
Knutson, B., Wolkowitz, O., Cole, S., Chan, T., Moore, E., Johnson, R..., & Reus, V. (1998). Selective alteration of personality and social behavior by serotonergic intervention. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 373–379. Preuzeto sa: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Brian_Knutson/publication/51299461_Selective_Alteration_of_Personality_and_Social_Behavior_by_Serotonergic_Intervention/links/554858330cf2e2031b386d6b.pdf
Lieberman, H. R. (2003). Nutrition, brain function and cognitive performance. Appetite, 40(3), 245–254. DOI:10.1016/S0195-6663(03)00010-2
Lin, P. (2007). Nanotechnology bound: Evaluating the case for more regulation. NanoEthics: Ethics for Technologies that Converge on the Nanoscale, 2, 105-122. Preuzeto sa: http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=phil_fac
Maxwell, B., & Racine, E. (2012). The Ethics of Neuroeducation: Research, Practice and Policy. Neuroethics, 5(2), 101. DOI: 10.1007/s12152-012-9156-6
Mehta, M., Owen, A., Sahakian, B., Mavaddat, N., Pickard, J., & Robbins, T. (2000). Methylphenidate enhances working memory by modulating discrete frontal and parietal lobe regions in the human brain. Journal of Neuroscience, 20, 65-66. Preuzeto sa: http://www.adders.org/camb%20research.pdf
Morrow, V., & Richards, M. (1996). The ethics of social research with children: An overview. Children & society, 10(2), 90-105. Preuzeto sa: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Virginia_Morrow/publication/227727186_The_Ethics_of_Social_Research_with_Children_An_Overview1/links/54ddd4d90cf23bf20438ab29.pdf
Myrick, H., Malcolm, R., Taylor, B., & LaRowe, S. (2004). Modafinil: Preclinical, clinical, and postmarketing surveillance - A review of abuse liability issues. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 16(2), 101–109. DOI: 10.1080/10401230490453743
Nature Editorial. (2006). Neuroethics needed. Nature, 441, 907. DOI: 10.1038/441907a
Narvaez, D. (2012). Moral neuroeducation from early life through the lifespan. Neuroethics, 5(2), 145-157. DOI: 10.1007/s12152-011-9117-5
O' Connor, W. T. (2010). What can neuroscience teach us about teaching? International Conference on Engaging Pedagogy, National University of Ireland Maynooth. Preuzeto sa: https://ulir.ul.ie/bitstream/handle/10344/4456/OConnor_2010_pedagogy.pdf?sequence=2
Pontius A. (1993). Neuroethics vs neurophysiologically and neuropsychologically uninformed influences in child-rearing and education. Psychological Reports, 72, 451–458. Preuzeto sa: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anneliese_Pontius/publication/14711543_Neuroethics_vs_neurophysiologically_and_neuropsychologically_uninformed_influences_in_child-rearing_education_emerging_hunter-gatherers_and_artificial_intelligence_models_of_the_brain/links/02bfe50cf29d1c2c34000000.pdf
Powell, M. A., Fitzgerald, R. M., Taylor, N., & Graham, A. (2012). International literature review: ethical issues in Undertaking research with children and young people. The Childwatch International Research Network, Southern Cross University, Centre for Children and Young People, Lismore NSW and University of Otago, Centre for Research on Children and Families, Dunedin, NZ. Preuzeto sa: http://epubs.scu.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1041&context=ccyp_pubs
Ressler, K. J., Rothbaum, B. O., Tannenbaum, L., Anderson, P., Graap, K., Zimand, E., ... , & Davis, M. (2004). Cognitive enhancers as adjuncts to psychotherapy—Use of D-cycloserine in phobic individuals to facilitate extinction of fear. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61(11), 1136–1144. DOI:10.1001/archpsyc.61.11.1136
Roskies, A. (2002). Neuroethics for the new millennium. Neuron, 35, 21–23. DOI:10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00763-8
Sahakian, B., & Morein-Zamir, S. (2011). Neuroethical issues in cognitive enhancement. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 25(2), 197–204. DOI: 10.1177/0269881109106926
Savulescu, J. (2007). Genetic interventions and the ethics of enhancement of human being. In Steinbock (Ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Bioethics, (pp. 516 – 539). Oxford University Press. Preuzeto sa: https://books.google.rs/books?hl=sr&lr=&id=zUcb57fVn_gC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=+The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Bioethics&ots=qZirzvYNSQ&sig=oOXIm5gCRZLRjb30TGS2GaEfZ4w&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=The%20Oxford%20Handbook%20of%20Bioethics&f=false
Solomon, P., Adams, F., Silver, A., Zimmer, J., & DeVeaux, R. (2002). Ginkgo for memory enhancement: A randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Americal Medical Association, 288(7), 835-840. DOI:10.1001/jama.288.7.835
Stahl, S. M. (2008). Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology, 3rd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521646154
Synofzik, M., Schlaepfer, T., & Hopkins, J. (2012). How happy is too happy? Euphoria, neuroethics, and deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens. Neuroscience, 3(1), 30–36. DOI: 10.1080/21507740.2011.635633
Ungar, D., Joffe, S., & Kodish, E. (2006). Children are not small adults: documentation of assent for research involving children. The Journal of pediatrics, 149(1), S31-S33. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.04.048
Vaynman, S., & Gomez-Pinilla, F. (2005). License to run: Exercise impacts functional plasticity in the intact and injured central nervous system by using neurotrophins. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 19(4), 283–295. DOI: 10.1177/1545968305280753
Allhoff, F., Lin, P., Moor, J., & Wecker J. (2009). Ethics of Human Enhancement: 25 Questions & Answers. US National Science Foundation. Preuzeto sa: http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=phil_fac
Bostrom, N., & Roache, R. (2008). Ethical issues in human enhancement. In Ryberg Petersen, & Wolf (Eds.) New Waves in Applied Ethics, (pp. 120-152). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Preuzeto sa: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rebecca_Roache/publication/256812841_Ethical_issues_in_human_enhancement/links/0deec523c954e40574000000.pdf
Chau, V. (2007). Popping pills to study: Neuroethics in education. Stanford Journal of Neuroscience, 1(1), 18-20. Preuzeto sa: http://web.stanford.edu/group/co-sign/Chau.pdf
Craig, I., & Plomin, R. (2006). Quantitative trait loci for IQ and other complex traits: Single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping using pooled DNA and microarrays. Genes Brain and Behavior, 5, 32– 37. DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183X.2006.00192.x
Elliott, R., Sahakian, B. J., Matthews, K., Bannerjea, A., Rimmer, J., & Robbins, T. W. (1997). Effects of methylphenidate on spatial working memory and planning in healthy young adults. Psychopharmacology, 131(2), 196-206. Preuzeto sa: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s002130050284
Farah, M. J. (2005). Neuroethics: the practical and the philosophical. Trends in Cognitive Science, 9, 34–40. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2004.12.001
Farah, M. J., Illes, J., Cook-Deegan, R., Gardner, H., Kandel, E., King, P., ... , & Wolpe, P. (2004). Neurocognitive enhancement: What can we do and what should we do? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5(5), 421–425. DOI:10.1038/nrn1390
Farah, M.J. (2004). Emerging ethical issues in neuroscience. Nature Neuroscience, 5(11), 1123-1130. DOI:10.1038/nn1102-1123
Fava, M., Rush, J., Thase, M., Clayton, A., Stahl, S., Pradko, J, & Johnston, A. (2005). 15 years of clinical experience with Bupropion HCl: From Bupropion to Bupropion SR to Bupropion XL. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 7(3), 106-113. DOI: 10.4088/PCC.v07n0305
Flett, G.L., Vrendenburg, K. & Krames, L. (1997). The continuity of depression in clinical and nonclinical samples. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 395-416. Preuzeto sa: http://psycnet.apa.org.proxy.kobson.nb.rs:2048/journals/bul/121/3/395.pdf&productCode=pa
Flower, R. (2004). Lifestyle drugs: pharmacology and the social agenda. Trends in Pharmacological Science, 25, 182–185. DOI:10.1016/j.tips.2004.02.006
Fukujama, F. (2003). Naša posthumana budućnost: posledice biotehnološke revolucije. Podgorica: CID.
Fuller, J. K., & Glendening, J. G. (1985). The neuroeducator: professional of the future. Theory into Practice, 24(2), 135-137. Preuzeto sa: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1476429
Graham, A., Powell, M., Taylor, N., Anderson, D., & Fitzgerald, R. (2013). Ethical research involving children. Florence: UNICEF Office of Research–Innocenti. Preuzeto sa: https://aifs.gov.au/sites/default/files/fm96-ag.pdf
Harcourt, D., & Conroy, H. (2005). Informed assent: Ethics and processes when researching with young children. Early Child Development and Care, 175(6), 567-577. DOI: 10.1080/03004430500131353
Helland, I. B., Smith, L., Saarem, K., Saugstad, O. D., & Drevon, C. A. (2003). Maternal supplementation with very-long-chain N-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation augments children’s IQ at 4 years of age. Pediatrics, 111(1), 39–44. DOI: 10.1542/peds.111.1.e39
Juengst, E. (1997). Can enhancement be distinguished from prevention in genetic medicine? Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 22, 125-142. Preuzeto sa: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.454.5125&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Kass, L. (2003). Ageless bodies, happy souls: Biotechnology and the pursuit of perfection. The New Atlantis, 1, 9–28. Preuzeto sa: http://www.thenewatlantis.com/doclib/tna01-kass.pdf
Knutson, B., Wolkowitz, O., Cole, S., Chan, T., Moore, E., Johnson, R..., & Reus, V. (1998). Selective alteration of personality and social behavior by serotonergic intervention. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 373–379. Preuzeto sa: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Brian_Knutson/publication/51299461_Selective_Alteration_of_Personality_and_Social_Behavior_by_Serotonergic_Intervention/links/554858330cf2e2031b386d6b.pdf
Lieberman, H. R. (2003). Nutrition, brain function and cognitive performance. Appetite, 40(3), 245–254. DOI:10.1016/S0195-6663(03)00010-2
Lin, P. (2007). Nanotechnology bound: Evaluating the case for more regulation. NanoEthics: Ethics for Technologies that Converge on the Nanoscale, 2, 105-122. Preuzeto sa: http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=phil_fac
Maxwell, B., & Racine, E. (2012). The Ethics of Neuroeducation: Research, Practice and Policy. Neuroethics, 5(2), 101. DOI: 10.1007/s12152-012-9156-6
Mehta, M., Owen, A., Sahakian, B., Mavaddat, N., Pickard, J., & Robbins, T. (2000). Methylphenidate enhances working memory by modulating discrete frontal and parietal lobe regions in the human brain. Journal of Neuroscience, 20, 65-66. Preuzeto sa: http://www.adders.org/camb%20research.pdf
Morrow, V., & Richards, M. (1996). The ethics of social research with children: An overview. Children & society, 10(2), 90-105. Preuzeto sa: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Virginia_Morrow/publication/227727186_The_Ethics_of_Social_Research_with_Children_An_Overview1/links/54ddd4d90cf23bf20438ab29.pdf
Myrick, H., Malcolm, R., Taylor, B., & LaRowe, S. (2004). Modafinil: Preclinical, clinical, and postmarketing surveillance - A review of abuse liability issues. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 16(2), 101–109. DOI: 10.1080/10401230490453743
Nature Editorial. (2006). Neuroethics needed. Nature, 441, 907. DOI: 10.1038/441907a
Narvaez, D. (2012). Moral neuroeducation from early life through the lifespan. Neuroethics, 5(2), 145-157. DOI: 10.1007/s12152-011-9117-5
O' Connor, W. T. (2010). What can neuroscience teach us about teaching? International Conference on Engaging Pedagogy, National University of Ireland Maynooth. Preuzeto sa: https://ulir.ul.ie/bitstream/handle/10344/4456/OConnor_2010_pedagogy.pdf?sequence=2
Pontius A. (1993). Neuroethics vs neurophysiologically and neuropsychologically uninformed influences in child-rearing and education. Psychological Reports, 72, 451–458. Preuzeto sa: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anneliese_Pontius/publication/14711543_Neuroethics_vs_neurophysiologically_and_neuropsychologically_uninformed_influences_in_child-rearing_education_emerging_hunter-gatherers_and_artificial_intelligence_models_of_the_brain/links/02bfe50cf29d1c2c34000000.pdf
Powell, M. A., Fitzgerald, R. M., Taylor, N., & Graham, A. (2012). International literature review: ethical issues in Undertaking research with children and young people. The Childwatch International Research Network, Southern Cross University, Centre for Children and Young People, Lismore NSW and University of Otago, Centre for Research on Children and Families, Dunedin, NZ. Preuzeto sa: http://epubs.scu.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1041&context=ccyp_pubs
Ressler, K. J., Rothbaum, B. O., Tannenbaum, L., Anderson, P., Graap, K., Zimand, E., ... , & Davis, M. (2004). Cognitive enhancers as adjuncts to psychotherapy—Use of D-cycloserine in phobic individuals to facilitate extinction of fear. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61(11), 1136–1144. DOI:10.1001/archpsyc.61.11.1136
Roskies, A. (2002). Neuroethics for the new millennium. Neuron, 35, 21–23. DOI:10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00763-8
Sahakian, B., & Morein-Zamir, S. (2011). Neuroethical issues in cognitive enhancement. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 25(2), 197–204. DOI: 10.1177/0269881109106926
Savulescu, J. (2007). Genetic interventions and the ethics of enhancement of human being. In Steinbock (Ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Bioethics, (pp. 516 – 539). Oxford University Press. Preuzeto sa: https://books.google.rs/books?hl=sr&lr=&id=zUcb57fVn_gC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=+The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Bioethics&ots=qZirzvYNSQ&sig=oOXIm5gCRZLRjb30TGS2GaEfZ4w&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=The%20Oxford%20Handbook%20of%20Bioethics&f=false
Solomon, P., Adams, F., Silver, A., Zimmer, J., & DeVeaux, R. (2002). Ginkgo for memory enhancement: A randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Americal Medical Association, 288(7), 835-840. DOI:10.1001/jama.288.7.835
Stahl, S. M. (2008). Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology, 3rd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521646154
Synofzik, M., Schlaepfer, T., & Hopkins, J. (2012). How happy is too happy? Euphoria, neuroethics, and deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens. Neuroscience, 3(1), 30–36. DOI: 10.1080/21507740.2011.635633
Ungar, D., Joffe, S., & Kodish, E. (2006). Children are not small adults: documentation of assent for research involving children. The Journal of pediatrics, 149(1), S31-S33. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.04.048
Vaynman, S., & Gomez-Pinilla, F. (2005). License to run: Exercise impacts functional plasticity in the intact and injured central nervous system by using neurotrophins. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 19(4), 283–295. DOI: 10.1177/1545968305280753