PREDICITING THE INTENTION OF WOMEN IN SERBIA FOR SEEKING THE PROFESSIONAL PSYCHOLOGICAL HELP
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Abstract
The goal of the research was to explore the extent to which stressful life events, availability of informal psychological support and coping strategies contribute to readiness of women in Serbia to look for the professional psychological help. The data were collected from the sample consisting of 2206 women aged from 19 to 76, with different sociodemographic characteristics, which were statistically controlled in the research. The intention for the professional help seeking was operationalised by inquiring about past experience and plans for support seeking in the future (Šakotić-Kurbalija, 2011). The Survey of Life Events (Bradbury, 1990; modified by Šakotić-Kurbalija, 2011) was used for registering stressful life events and the Brief COPE (Carver, 1997) for exploring coping strategies. The following sociodemographic data were collected using a questionnaire: age, employment status, subjective assessment of monthly income of the family, educational level, birth order, number of children in the family and number of family members. The hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that predictors and the criterion are in correlation which is statistically significant, but the amount of the variance explained is relatively low. Significant predictors of intention for the professional help seeking were: number of stressful events in the past year, proneness for substance abuse, tendency for seeking instrumental support, educational level and religiousness. Denial was also significant predictor, but the correlation was negative. A small correlation with the criterion is registered for absence of informal psychological support, amount of positive stress, monthly income and age.
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Šakotić-Kurbalija, J., Trifunović, B., & Zotović, M. (2017). PREDICITING THE INTENTION OF WOMEN IN SERBIA FOR SEEKING THE PROFESSIONAL PSYCHOLOGICAL HELP. ANNUAL REVIEW OF THE FACULTY OF PHILOSOPHY, 41(2), 349–365. Retrieved from https://godisnjak.ff.uns.ac.rs/index.php/gff/article/view/1888
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Психологија
References
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Birkel, R. C., & Reppucci, N. D. (1983). Social networks, information‐seeking, and the utilization of services. American journal of community psychology, 11, 185-205. doi: 10.1007/BF00894366
Bosmajian, C. P., & Mattson, R. E. (1980). A controlled study of variables related to counseling center use. Journal of counseling psychology, 27, 510. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.27.5.510
Bradbury, T.N. (1990). Survey of Life Events. Unpublished manuscript, University of Califoria, Los Angeles
Bringle, R. G., & Byers, D. (1997). Intentions to seek marriage counseling. Family Relations, 46, 299-304. doi: 10.2307/585128
Carlton, P. A., & Deane, F. P. (2000). Impact of attitudes and suicidal ideation on adolescents' intentions to seek professional psychological help. Journal of Adolescence, 23, 35-45. doi: 10.1006/jado.1999.0299
Carver, C. S. (1997). You Want to Measure Coping But Your Protocol's Too Long: Consider the Brief COPE. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4, 92-100. doi: 10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6
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Cohen, B. Z., Guttmann, D., & Lazar, A. (1998). The willingness to seek help: A cross-national comparison. Cross-Cultural Research, 32, 342-357. doi: 10.1177/106939719803200402
Cooper, A. E., Corrigan, P. W., & Watson, A. C. (2003). Mental illness stigma and care seeking. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 191, 339-341. doi: 10.1097/01.NMD.0000066157.47101.22
Corrigan, P. (2004). How stigma interferes with mental health care. American psychologist, 59, 614-631. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.59.7.614
Corrigan, P. W., & Rüsch, N. (2002). Mental illness stereotypes and clinical care: Do people avoid treatment because of stigma?. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Skills, 6, 312-334. doi: 10.1080/10973430208408441
Cramer, K. M. (1999). Psychological antecedents to help-seeking behavior: A reanalysis using path modeling structures. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46, 381-387. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.46.3.381
Deane, F. P., & Chamberlain, K. (1994). Treatment fearfulness and distress as predictors of professional psychological help-seeking. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 22, 207-217. doi: 10.1080/03069889408260315
Deane, F. P., & Todd, D. M. (1996). Attitudes and intentions to seek professional psychological help for personal problems or suicidal thinking. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 10, 45-59. doi: 10.1300/J035v10n04_06
Deane, F. P., Wilson, C. J., & Ciarrochi, J. (2001). Suicidal ideation and help‐negation: Not just hopelessness or prior help. Journal of clinical psychology, 57, 901-914. doi: 10.1002/jclp.1058
Fischer, E. H., Winer, D., & Abramowitz, S. I. (1983). Seeking professional help for psychological problems. In A. Nadler, J. D. Fisher, & B. M. DePaulo (Eds.). New directions in helping, 3, 163-185. New York: Academic Press
Francis, J., Eccles, M. P., Johnston, M., Walker, A. E., Grimshaw, J. M., Foy, R., Kaner, E. F. S., Smith, L. & Bonetti, D. (2004). Constructing questionnaires based on the theory of planned behaviour. A manual for health services researchers. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Centre for Health Services Research, University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
Gonzalez, J. M., Alegría, M., Prihoda, T. J., Copeland, L. A., & Zeber, J. E. (2011). How the relationship of attitudes toward mental health treatment and service use differs by age, gender, ethnicity/race and education. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 46, 45-57. doi: 10.1007/s00127-009-0168-4
Goodman, S. H., Sewell, D. R., & Jampol, R. C. (1984). On going to the counselor: Contributions of life stress and social supports to the decision to seek psychological counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 306. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.31.3.306
Halgin, R. P., Weaver, D. D., Edell, W. S., & Spencer, P. G. (1987). Relation of depression and help-seeking history to attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34, 177-185. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.34.2.177
Hall, W., Teesson, M., & Henderson, S. (1999). The mental health of Australians. Canberra: Mental Health Branch, Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care.
Hinson, J. A., & Swanson, J. L. (1993). Willingness to seek help as a function of self‐disclosure and problem severity. Journal of Counseling & Development, 71, 465-470. doi: 10.1002/j.1556-6676.1993.tb02666.x
Kelly, A. E., & Achter, J. A. (1995). Self-concealment and attitudes toward counseling in university students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42, 40-46. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.42.1.40
Komiya, N., Good, G. E., & Sherrod, N. B. (2000). Emotional openness as a predictor of college students' attitudes toward seeking psychological help. Journal of counseling psychology, 47, 138. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.47.1.138
Larson, D. G., & Chastain, R. L. (1990). Self-concealment: Conceptualization, measurement, and health implications. Journal of Social and Clinical psychology, 9, 439-455. doi: 10.1521/jscp.1990.9.4.439
Leaf, P. J., & Bruce, M. L. (1987). Gender differences in the use of mental health-related services: a re-examination. Journal of health and social behavior, 23, 171-183. doi: 10.2307/2137130
Liang, J., Dvorkin, L., Kahana, E., & Mazian, F. (1980). Social integration and morale: A re-examination. Journal of Gerontology, 35, 746-757. doi: 10.1093/geronj/35.5.746
Linn, J. G., & McGranahan, D. A. (1980). Personal disruptions, social integration, subjective well-being, and predisposition toward the use of counseling services. American Journal of Community Psychology, 8, 87-100. doi: 10.1007/BF00892284
Maniar, S. D., Curry, L. A., Sommers-Flanagan, J., & Walsh, J. A. (2001). Student-athlete preferences in seeking help when confronted with sport performance problems. Sport Psychologist, 15, 205-223.
Miller, W. R. (1985). Motivation for treatment: A review with special emphasis on alcoholism. Psychological bulletin, 98, 84. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.98.1.84
Omarzu, J. (2000). A disclosure decision model: Determining how and when individuals will self-disclose. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 174-185. doi: 10.1207/S15327957PSPR0402_05
Pattyn, E., Verhaeghe, M., Sercu, C., & Bracke, P. (2014). Public stigma and self-stigma: Differential association with attitudes toward formal and informal help seeking. Psychiatric Services, 65, 232-238. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201200561
Rickwood, D. J., & Braithwaite, V. A. (1994). Social-psychological factors affecting help-seeking for emotional problems. Social science & medicine, 39, 563-572. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(94)90099-X
Šakotić-Kurbalija, J. (2011). Karakteristike bračnog odnosa i traženje psihološke pomoći. (Nepublikovana doktorska disertacija). Filozofski fakultet, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Novi Sad.
Shea, M., & Yeh, C. J. (2008). Asian American students' cultural values, stigma, and relational self-construal: Correlates of attitudes toward professional help seeking. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 30, 157-171. doi: 10.17744/mehc.30.2.g662g5l2r1352198
Sherbourne, C. D. (1988). The role of social support and life stress events in use of mental health services. Social Science & Medicine, Vol 27(12), 1393-1400. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(88)90205-5
Srna, J. (2012). Psihoterapija i savetovanje. Beograd: Zavod za udžbenike.
Surgenor, L. J. (1985). Attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 14, 27-33.
Vaux, A. (1987). Appraisals of social support: Love, respect, and involvement. Journal of Community Psychology, 15, 493-502. doi: 10.1002/1520-6629(198710)15:4<493::AID-JCOP2290150407>3.0.CO;2-4
Vogel, D. L., & Wester, S. R. (2003). To seek help or not to seek help: The risks of self-disclosure. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50, 351. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.50.3.351
Yousaf, O., Grunfeld, E. A., & Hunter, M. S. (2015). A systematic review of the factors associated with delays in medical and psychological help-seeking among men. Health psychology review, 9, 264-276. doi: 10.1080/17437199.2013.840954
Zartaloudi, A., & Madianos, M. G. (2010). Mental health treatment fearfulness and help-seeking. Issues in mental health nursing, 31, 662-669. doi: 10.3109/01612840.2010.490929
Barney, L. J., Griffiths, K. M., Jorm, A. F., & Christensen, H. (2006). Stigma about depression and its impact on help-seeking intentions. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40, 51-54. doi: 10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01741.x
Bayer, J. K., & Peay, M. Y. (1997). Predicting intentions to seek help from professional mental health services. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 31, 504-513. doi: 10.3109/00048679709065072
Birkel, R. C., & Reppucci, N. D. (1983). Social networks, information‐seeking, and the utilization of services. American journal of community psychology, 11, 185-205. doi: 10.1007/BF00894366
Bosmajian, C. P., & Mattson, R. E. (1980). A controlled study of variables related to counseling center use. Journal of counseling psychology, 27, 510. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.27.5.510
Bradbury, T.N. (1990). Survey of Life Events. Unpublished manuscript, University of Califoria, Los Angeles
Bringle, R. G., & Byers, D. (1997). Intentions to seek marriage counseling. Family Relations, 46, 299-304. doi: 10.2307/585128
Carlton, P. A., & Deane, F. P. (2000). Impact of attitudes and suicidal ideation on adolescents' intentions to seek professional psychological help. Journal of Adolescence, 23, 35-45. doi: 10.1006/jado.1999.0299
Carver, C. S. (1997). You Want to Measure Coping But Your Protocol's Too Long: Consider the Brief COPE. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4, 92-100. doi: 10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6
Cepeda-Benito, A., & Short, P. (1998). Self-concealment, avoidance of psychological services, and perceived likelihood of seeking professional help. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45, 58-64. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.45.1.58
Ciarrochi, J., Deane, F. P., Wilson, C. J., & Rickwood, D. (2002). Adolescents who need help the most are the least likely to seek it: The relationship between low emotional competence and low intention to seek help. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 30(2), 173-188. doi: 10.1080/03069880220128047
Cohen, B. Z., Guttmann, D., & Lazar, A. (1998). The willingness to seek help: A cross-national comparison. Cross-Cultural Research, 32, 342-357. doi: 10.1177/106939719803200402
Cooper, A. E., Corrigan, P. W., & Watson, A. C. (2003). Mental illness stigma and care seeking. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 191, 339-341. doi: 10.1097/01.NMD.0000066157.47101.22
Corrigan, P. (2004). How stigma interferes with mental health care. American psychologist, 59, 614-631. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.59.7.614
Corrigan, P. W., & Rüsch, N. (2002). Mental illness stereotypes and clinical care: Do people avoid treatment because of stigma?. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Skills, 6, 312-334. doi: 10.1080/10973430208408441
Cramer, K. M. (1999). Psychological antecedents to help-seeking behavior: A reanalysis using path modeling structures. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46, 381-387. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.46.3.381
Deane, F. P., & Chamberlain, K. (1994). Treatment fearfulness and distress as predictors of professional psychological help-seeking. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 22, 207-217. doi: 10.1080/03069889408260315
Deane, F. P., & Todd, D. M. (1996). Attitudes and intentions to seek professional psychological help for personal problems or suicidal thinking. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 10, 45-59. doi: 10.1300/J035v10n04_06
Deane, F. P., Wilson, C. J., & Ciarrochi, J. (2001). Suicidal ideation and help‐negation: Not just hopelessness or prior help. Journal of clinical psychology, 57, 901-914. doi: 10.1002/jclp.1058
Fischer, E. H., Winer, D., & Abramowitz, S. I. (1983). Seeking professional help for psychological problems. In A. Nadler, J. D. Fisher, & B. M. DePaulo (Eds.). New directions in helping, 3, 163-185. New York: Academic Press
Francis, J., Eccles, M. P., Johnston, M., Walker, A. E., Grimshaw, J. M., Foy, R., Kaner, E. F. S., Smith, L. & Bonetti, D. (2004). Constructing questionnaires based on the theory of planned behaviour. A manual for health services researchers. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Centre for Health Services Research, University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
Gonzalez, J. M., Alegría, M., Prihoda, T. J., Copeland, L. A., & Zeber, J. E. (2011). How the relationship of attitudes toward mental health treatment and service use differs by age, gender, ethnicity/race and education. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 46, 45-57. doi: 10.1007/s00127-009-0168-4
Goodman, S. H., Sewell, D. R., & Jampol, R. C. (1984). On going to the counselor: Contributions of life stress and social supports to the decision to seek psychological counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 306. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.31.3.306
Halgin, R. P., Weaver, D. D., Edell, W. S., & Spencer, P. G. (1987). Relation of depression and help-seeking history to attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34, 177-185. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.34.2.177
Hall, W., Teesson, M., & Henderson, S. (1999). The mental health of Australians. Canberra: Mental Health Branch, Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care.
Hinson, J. A., & Swanson, J. L. (1993). Willingness to seek help as a function of self‐disclosure and problem severity. Journal of Counseling & Development, 71, 465-470. doi: 10.1002/j.1556-6676.1993.tb02666.x
Kelly, A. E., & Achter, J. A. (1995). Self-concealment and attitudes toward counseling in university students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42, 40-46. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.42.1.40
Komiya, N., Good, G. E., & Sherrod, N. B. (2000). Emotional openness as a predictor of college students' attitudes toward seeking psychological help. Journal of counseling psychology, 47, 138. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.47.1.138
Larson, D. G., & Chastain, R. L. (1990). Self-concealment: Conceptualization, measurement, and health implications. Journal of Social and Clinical psychology, 9, 439-455. doi: 10.1521/jscp.1990.9.4.439
Leaf, P. J., & Bruce, M. L. (1987). Gender differences in the use of mental health-related services: a re-examination. Journal of health and social behavior, 23, 171-183. doi: 10.2307/2137130
Liang, J., Dvorkin, L., Kahana, E., & Mazian, F. (1980). Social integration and morale: A re-examination. Journal of Gerontology, 35, 746-757. doi: 10.1093/geronj/35.5.746
Linn, J. G., & McGranahan, D. A. (1980). Personal disruptions, social integration, subjective well-being, and predisposition toward the use of counseling services. American Journal of Community Psychology, 8, 87-100. doi: 10.1007/BF00892284
Maniar, S. D., Curry, L. A., Sommers-Flanagan, J., & Walsh, J. A. (2001). Student-athlete preferences in seeking help when confronted with sport performance problems. Sport Psychologist, 15, 205-223.
Miller, W. R. (1985). Motivation for treatment: A review with special emphasis on alcoholism. Psychological bulletin, 98, 84. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.98.1.84
Omarzu, J. (2000). A disclosure decision model: Determining how and when individuals will self-disclose. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 174-185. doi: 10.1207/S15327957PSPR0402_05
Pattyn, E., Verhaeghe, M., Sercu, C., & Bracke, P. (2014). Public stigma and self-stigma: Differential association with attitudes toward formal and informal help seeking. Psychiatric Services, 65, 232-238. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201200561
Rickwood, D. J., & Braithwaite, V. A. (1994). Social-psychological factors affecting help-seeking for emotional problems. Social science & medicine, 39, 563-572. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(94)90099-X
Šakotić-Kurbalija, J. (2011). Karakteristike bračnog odnosa i traženje psihološke pomoći. (Nepublikovana doktorska disertacija). Filozofski fakultet, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Novi Sad.
Shea, M., & Yeh, C. J. (2008). Asian American students' cultural values, stigma, and relational self-construal: Correlates of attitudes toward professional help seeking. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 30, 157-171. doi: 10.17744/mehc.30.2.g662g5l2r1352198
Sherbourne, C. D. (1988). The role of social support and life stress events in use of mental health services. Social Science & Medicine, Vol 27(12), 1393-1400. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(88)90205-5
Srna, J. (2012). Psihoterapija i savetovanje. Beograd: Zavod za udžbenike.
Surgenor, L. J. (1985). Attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 14, 27-33.
Vaux, A. (1987). Appraisals of social support: Love, respect, and involvement. Journal of Community Psychology, 15, 493-502. doi: 10.1002/1520-6629(198710)15:4<493::AID-JCOP2290150407>3.0.CO;2-4
Vogel, D. L., & Wester, S. R. (2003). To seek help or not to seek help: The risks of self-disclosure. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50, 351. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.50.3.351
Yousaf, O., Grunfeld, E. A., & Hunter, M. S. (2015). A systematic review of the factors associated with delays in medical and psychological help-seeking among men. Health psychology review, 9, 264-276. doi: 10.1080/17437199.2013.840954
Zartaloudi, A., & Madianos, M. G. (2010). Mental health treatment fearfulness and help-seeking. Issues in mental health nursing, 31, 662-669. doi: 10.3109/01612840.2010.490929