LOVE STYLES AND ADULT ROMANTIC ATTACHMENT
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Published:
Jul 19, 2021
Keywords:
love styles, adult romantic attachment, love, romantic relationships
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Abstract
Aim of this study was to examine differences in attitudes toward love in romantic relationships between individuals with different patterns of adult romantic attachment. Sample consisted of 451 participants with different educational, employment and material status and was uniform in respect to gender (51.9% female). Average age of the sample was 29.92 years (SD = 6.30) ranging from 19 to 45 years. Participants included in this research are in a dating relationship (43.3%), between 1 and 10 years or in a cohabiting relationship (55.7%), between 1 year and 42 years. An abbreviated form of the Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory (ECR; Brennan et al., 1998, modified by Kamenov & Jelić, 2003) was used to identify patterns of adult romantic attachment. The Love Attitudes Scale (LAS; Hendrick & Hendrick, 1998) was used to assess six love styles: Eros (passionate love), Ludus (love as a game), Storge (friendly love), Pragma (pragmatic love), Mania (possessive love), and Agape (selfless love). In order to examine the differences in attitudes towards love among individuals with different patterns of adult romantic attachment a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted. Securely attached individuals achieve higher scores on the Eros and Agape love style and lower on the Ludus love style than avoidant individuals; lower scores on the Pragma and Mania love styles compared to the preoccupied individuals; as well as lower scores on Ludus, Storge, Pragma and Mania love styles compared to fearful individuals. Preoccupied individuals achieve higher scores on Eros, Mania, and Agape love styles and lower scores on the Ludus love style compared to avoidant individuals; as well as lower scores on the Ludus love style compared to fearful individuals. Fearful individuals achieve higher scores on the Mania love style compared to avoidant individuals. These study results largely confirm the results of previous research indicating the possibility of distinguishing the attitudes that individuals in romantic relationships have towards love in relation to their characteristic patterns of adult romantic attachment. The obtained results can have important practical implications indicating the possibility of timely provision of necessary counseling and support to individuals with adult romantic attachment patterns related to love styles that contribute to reducing the quality of romantic relationships as well as general well-being.
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Шакотић-Курбалија, Ј. М. (2021). LOVE STYLES AND ADULT ROMANTIC ATTACHMENT. ANNUAL REVIEW OF THE FACULTY OF PHILOSOPHY, 46(1), 119–137. https://doi.org/10.19090/gff.2021.1.119-137
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Психологија
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References
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Bowlby, J. (1979). The Bowlby-Ainsworth attachment theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2(4), 637-638. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00064955
Braithwaite, S. R., Delevi, R., & Fincham, F. D. (2010). Romantic relationships and the physical and mental health of college students. Personal Relationships, 17(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2010.01248.x
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Bugay, A., & Tezer, E. (2008, March). Attachment styles and loving attitudes among Turkish university students. In 2nd Annual Global Conference: Persons, Intimacy and Love (pp. 10-13).
Collins, N. L., & Read, S. J. (1990). Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(4), 644-663. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.4.644
Čudina-Obradović, M., & Obradović, J. (2006). Psihologija braka i obitelji. Golden marketing-Tehnička knjiga.
Diener, E., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2008). Happiness: Unlocking the mysteries of psychological wealth. Blackwell Publishing.
Fehr, B., Harasymchuk, C. & Sprecher, S. (2014) Compassionate Love in Romantic Relationships: A Review and Some New Findings. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 31, 575-600. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407514533768
Fitzpatrick, J., & Lafontaine, M. F. (2017). Attachment, trust, and satisfaction in relationships: Investigating actor, partner, and mediating effects. Personal Relationships, 24(3), 640-662. https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12203
Fricker, J., & Moore, S. (2002). Relationship satisfaction: The role of love styles and attachment styles. Current Research in Social Psychology, 7(11), 182-204.
Galinha, I.C., Oishi, S., Pereira, C.R., Wirtz, D. & Esteves, F. (2014). Adult Attachment, Love Styles, Relationship Experiences and Subjective Well-Being: Cross-Cultural and Gender Comparison between Americans, Portuguese, and Mozambicans. Social Indicators Research, 119, 823-852. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0512-7
Goodboy, A.K. & Booth-Butterfield, M. (2009). Love Styles and Desire for Closeness in Romantic Relationships. Psychological Reports, 105, 191-197.
https://doi.org/10.2466/PR0.105.1.191-197
Goodboy, A.K. & Myers, S.A. (2010). Relational Quality Indicators and Love Styles as Predictors of Negative Relational Maintenance Behaviors in Romantic Relationships. Communication Reports, 23, 65-78. https://doi.org/10.1080/08934215.2010.511397
Goodboy, A.K., Horan, S.M. & Booth-Butterfield, M. (2012). Intentional Jealousy-Evoking Behavior in Romantic Relationships as a Function of Received Partner Affection and Love Styles. Communication Quarterly, 60, 370-385. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2012.688792
Hammock, G. & Richardson, D.S. (2011). Love Attitudes and Relationship Experience. The Journal of Social Psychology, 151, 608-624. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2010.522618
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511-524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.511
Hendrick, C. & Hendrick, S. (1986). A theory and method of love. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 392-402. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.392
Honari, B., & Saremi, A. A. (2015). The study of relationship between attachment styles and obsessive love style. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 165, 152-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.12.617
Kamenov, Ž., & Jelić, M. (2003). Validation of adult attachment measure in various types of close relationships: Modification of Brennan's Experiences in Close Relationship Inventory. Suvremena psihologija, 6(1), 73-91.
Kanemasa, Y., Taniguchi, J., Daibo, I., & Ishimori, M. (2004). Love styles and romantic love experiences in Japan. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 32(3), 265-281. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2004.32.3.265
Kansky, J. (2018). What’s Love Got to Do with It? Romantic Relationships and Well-Being. In Diener, E., Oishi, S. & Tay, L., (Eds.), Handbook of Well-Being. DEF Publishers.
Karandashev, V., Benton, M., Edwards, C. & Wolters, V. (2012). Development of Attachment in Romantic Relationship of Young Adults with Different Love Styles. Interpersona. An International Journal on Personal Relationships, 6, 1-22.
https://doi.org/10.5964/ijpr.v6i1.87
Kimberly, C. & Werner-Wilson, R. (2013). From John Lee to John Gottman: Recognizing Intra- and Interpersonal Differences to Promote Marital Satisfaction. Journal of Human Sciences and Extension, 1, 32-46.
Lee, J.A. (1973). The Colors of Love: An Exploration of the Ways of Loving. New Press.
Levy, M. B., & Davis, K. E. (1988). Lovestyles and attachment styles compared: Their relations to each other and to various relationship characteristics. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 5(4), 439-471. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407588054004
Lin, L. & Huddleston-Casas, C.A. (2005). Agape Love in Couple Relationships. Marriage & Family Review, 37, 29-48. https://doi.org/10.1300/j002v37n04_03
Lozano, E. B., Sze, W. Y., Fraley, R. C., & Chong, J. Y. (2021). Dyadic effects of attachment and relationship functioning. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407521999443
McWalter, C. (2012). Relationship satisfaction: the influence of attachment, love styles and religiosity. https://esource.dbs.ie/handle/10788/380
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2003). The Attachment Behavioral System in Adulthood: Activation, Psychodynamics, and Interpersonal Processes. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 35 (p. 53–152). Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(03)01002-5
Neto, F. & Pinto, M.C. (2015). Satisfaction with Love Life across the Adult Life Span. Applied Research Quality Life, 10, 289-304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-014-9314-6
Newcomb, M. D. (1981). Heterosexual cohabitation relationships. In S. Duck & R. Gilmour (Eds.), Personal relationships 1: Studying personal relationships (pp. 131-164). Academic.
O’Leary, K.D., Acevedo, B.P., Aron, A., Huddy, L. & Mashek, D. (2012). Is Long-Term Love More than a Rare Phenomenon? If So, What Are Its Correlates? Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3, 241-249. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550611417015
Ortalda, F. & Clapetto, S.C. (2010). Amore e benessere soggettivo: Una ricerca esplorativa. Psicologia della Salute, 2, 59-72.
Pielage, S. B., Luteijn, F., & Arrindell, W. A. (2005). Adult attachment, intimacy and psychological distress in a clinical and community sample. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory & Practice, 12(6), 455-464. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.472
Raffagnino, R., & Puddu, L. (2018). Love styles in couple relationships: a literature review. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 6(12), 307-330. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2018.612027
Šakotić Kurbalija, J., Mićanović Cvejić, Ž. i Kurbalija, D. (2010). Karakteristike af- ektivne vezanosti osoba sa depresivnim poremećajima. Psihijatrija danas, 42, 157−168.
Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. (2010). New directions in attachment theory and research. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27(2), 163-172. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407509360899
Simpson, J. A. (1990). Influence of attachment styles on romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 971-980. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.59.5.971
Smith, R., & Klases, A. (2016). Predictors of love attitudes: The contribution of cultural orientation, gender attachment style, relationship length and age in participants from the UK and Hong Kong. Interpersona: An International Journal on Personal Relationships, 10(1), 90-108. https://doi.org/10.5964/ijpr.v10i1.204
Stackert, R. A., & Bursik, K. (2003). Why am I unsatisfied? Adult attachment style, gendered irrational relationship beliefs, and young adult romantic relationship satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(8), 1419-1429. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00124-1
Stefanović-Stanojević, T. (2002). Bliske partnerske veze. Psihologija, 35(1-2), 81-95. https://doi.org/10.2298/psi0201081s
Stephan, C. W., & Bachman, G. F. (1999). What's sex got to do with it? Attachment, love schemas, and sexuality. Personal Relationships, 6(1), 111-123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1999.tb00214.x
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics, 6th ed. Pearson.
Tabachnick, B., & Fidell, L. (2007). Multivariate analysis of variance and covariance. In C. Woods (Ed.), Using multivariate statistics (pp. 375–440). HarperCollins.
Trifunović, B., Šakotić-Kurbalija, J.M., i Dajević, T. (2020). Sociodemografski, intrapersonalni i interpersonalni korelati neverstva. Godišnjak Filozofskog fakulteta u Novom Sadu, 45(2), 115-130. https://doi.org/10.19090/gff.2020.2.115-130
Vedes, A., Hilpert, P., Nussbeck, F.W., Randall, A.K., Bodenmann, G. & Lind W.R. (2016). Love Styles, Coping, and Relationship Satisfaction: A Dyadic Approach. Personal Relationships, 23, 84-97. https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12112
Zacchilli, T.L., Hendrick, C. & Hendrick, S.S. (2009). The Romantic Partner Conflict Scale: A New Scale to Measure Relationship Conflict. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 26, 1073-1096. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407509347936
Zadeh, S.S. & Bozorgi, Z.D. (2016). Relationship between the Love Styles, Personality Traits, and the Marital Life of Married Students. International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies, 746-756.
Bartholomew, K. (1990). Avoidance of intimacy: An attachment perspective. Journal of Social and Personal relationships, 7, 147–178. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407590072001
Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: a test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 226-244. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.226
Bowlby, J. (1972). Attachment and loss, Vol. 2: Separation. Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1979). The Bowlby-Ainsworth attachment theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2(4), 637-638. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00064955
Braithwaite, S. R., Delevi, R., & Fincham, F. D. (2010). Romantic relationships and the physical and mental health of college students. Personal Relationships, 17(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2010.01248.x
Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult romantic attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 46−76). Guilford Press.
Bugay, A., & Tezer, E. (2008, March). Attachment styles and loving attitudes among Turkish university students. In 2nd Annual Global Conference: Persons, Intimacy and Love (pp. 10-13).
Collins, N. L., & Read, S. J. (1990). Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(4), 644-663. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.4.644
Čudina-Obradović, M., & Obradović, J. (2006). Psihologija braka i obitelji. Golden marketing-Tehnička knjiga.
Diener, E., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2008). Happiness: Unlocking the mysteries of psychological wealth. Blackwell Publishing.
Fehr, B., Harasymchuk, C. & Sprecher, S. (2014) Compassionate Love in Romantic Relationships: A Review and Some New Findings. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 31, 575-600. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407514533768
Fitzpatrick, J., & Lafontaine, M. F. (2017). Attachment, trust, and satisfaction in relationships: Investigating actor, partner, and mediating effects. Personal Relationships, 24(3), 640-662. https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12203
Fricker, J., & Moore, S. (2002). Relationship satisfaction: The role of love styles and attachment styles. Current Research in Social Psychology, 7(11), 182-204.
Galinha, I.C., Oishi, S., Pereira, C.R., Wirtz, D. & Esteves, F. (2014). Adult Attachment, Love Styles, Relationship Experiences and Subjective Well-Being: Cross-Cultural and Gender Comparison between Americans, Portuguese, and Mozambicans. Social Indicators Research, 119, 823-852. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0512-7
Goodboy, A.K. & Booth-Butterfield, M. (2009). Love Styles and Desire for Closeness in Romantic Relationships. Psychological Reports, 105, 191-197.
https://doi.org/10.2466/PR0.105.1.191-197
Goodboy, A.K. & Myers, S.A. (2010). Relational Quality Indicators and Love Styles as Predictors of Negative Relational Maintenance Behaviors in Romantic Relationships. Communication Reports, 23, 65-78. https://doi.org/10.1080/08934215.2010.511397
Goodboy, A.K., Horan, S.M. & Booth-Butterfield, M. (2012). Intentional Jealousy-Evoking Behavior in Romantic Relationships as a Function of Received Partner Affection and Love Styles. Communication Quarterly, 60, 370-385. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2012.688792
Hammock, G. & Richardson, D.S. (2011). Love Attitudes and Relationship Experience. The Journal of Social Psychology, 151, 608-624. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2010.522618
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511-524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.511
Hendrick, C. & Hendrick, S. (1986). A theory and method of love. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 392-402. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.392
Honari, B., & Saremi, A. A. (2015). The study of relationship between attachment styles and obsessive love style. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 165, 152-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.12.617
Kamenov, Ž., & Jelić, M. (2003). Validation of adult attachment measure in various types of close relationships: Modification of Brennan's Experiences in Close Relationship Inventory. Suvremena psihologija, 6(1), 73-91.
Kanemasa, Y., Taniguchi, J., Daibo, I., & Ishimori, M. (2004). Love styles and romantic love experiences in Japan. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 32(3), 265-281. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2004.32.3.265
Kansky, J. (2018). What’s Love Got to Do with It? Romantic Relationships and Well-Being. In Diener, E., Oishi, S. & Tay, L., (Eds.), Handbook of Well-Being. DEF Publishers.
Karandashev, V., Benton, M., Edwards, C. & Wolters, V. (2012). Development of Attachment in Romantic Relationship of Young Adults with Different Love Styles. Interpersona. An International Journal on Personal Relationships, 6, 1-22.
https://doi.org/10.5964/ijpr.v6i1.87
Kimberly, C. & Werner-Wilson, R. (2013). From John Lee to John Gottman: Recognizing Intra- and Interpersonal Differences to Promote Marital Satisfaction. Journal of Human Sciences and Extension, 1, 32-46.
Lee, J.A. (1973). The Colors of Love: An Exploration of the Ways of Loving. New Press.
Levy, M. B., & Davis, K. E. (1988). Lovestyles and attachment styles compared: Their relations to each other and to various relationship characteristics. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 5(4), 439-471. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407588054004
Lin, L. & Huddleston-Casas, C.A. (2005). Agape Love in Couple Relationships. Marriage & Family Review, 37, 29-48. https://doi.org/10.1300/j002v37n04_03
Lozano, E. B., Sze, W. Y., Fraley, R. C., & Chong, J. Y. (2021). Dyadic effects of attachment and relationship functioning. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407521999443
McWalter, C. (2012). Relationship satisfaction: the influence of attachment, love styles and religiosity. https://esource.dbs.ie/handle/10788/380
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2003). The Attachment Behavioral System in Adulthood: Activation, Psychodynamics, and Interpersonal Processes. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 35 (p. 53–152). Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(03)01002-5
Neto, F. & Pinto, M.C. (2015). Satisfaction with Love Life across the Adult Life Span. Applied Research Quality Life, 10, 289-304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-014-9314-6
Newcomb, M. D. (1981). Heterosexual cohabitation relationships. In S. Duck & R. Gilmour (Eds.), Personal relationships 1: Studying personal relationships (pp. 131-164). Academic.
O’Leary, K.D., Acevedo, B.P., Aron, A., Huddy, L. & Mashek, D. (2012). Is Long-Term Love More than a Rare Phenomenon? If So, What Are Its Correlates? Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3, 241-249. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550611417015
Ortalda, F. & Clapetto, S.C. (2010). Amore e benessere soggettivo: Una ricerca esplorativa. Psicologia della Salute, 2, 59-72.
Pielage, S. B., Luteijn, F., & Arrindell, W. A. (2005). Adult attachment, intimacy and psychological distress in a clinical and community sample. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory & Practice, 12(6), 455-464. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.472
Raffagnino, R., & Puddu, L. (2018). Love styles in couple relationships: a literature review. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 6(12), 307-330. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2018.612027
Šakotić Kurbalija, J., Mićanović Cvejić, Ž. i Kurbalija, D. (2010). Karakteristike af- ektivne vezanosti osoba sa depresivnim poremećajima. Psihijatrija danas, 42, 157−168.
Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. (2010). New directions in attachment theory and research. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27(2), 163-172. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407509360899
Simpson, J. A. (1990). Influence of attachment styles on romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 971-980. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.59.5.971
Smith, R., & Klases, A. (2016). Predictors of love attitudes: The contribution of cultural orientation, gender attachment style, relationship length and age in participants from the UK and Hong Kong. Interpersona: An International Journal on Personal Relationships, 10(1), 90-108. https://doi.org/10.5964/ijpr.v10i1.204
Stackert, R. A., & Bursik, K. (2003). Why am I unsatisfied? Adult attachment style, gendered irrational relationship beliefs, and young adult romantic relationship satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(8), 1419-1429. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00124-1
Stefanović-Stanojević, T. (2002). Bliske partnerske veze. Psihologija, 35(1-2), 81-95. https://doi.org/10.2298/psi0201081s
Stephan, C. W., & Bachman, G. F. (1999). What's sex got to do with it? Attachment, love schemas, and sexuality. Personal Relationships, 6(1), 111-123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1999.tb00214.x
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics, 6th ed. Pearson.
Tabachnick, B., & Fidell, L. (2007). Multivariate analysis of variance and covariance. In C. Woods (Ed.), Using multivariate statistics (pp. 375–440). HarperCollins.
Trifunović, B., Šakotić-Kurbalija, J.M., i Dajević, T. (2020). Sociodemografski, intrapersonalni i interpersonalni korelati neverstva. Godišnjak Filozofskog fakulteta u Novom Sadu, 45(2), 115-130. https://doi.org/10.19090/gff.2020.2.115-130
Vedes, A., Hilpert, P., Nussbeck, F.W., Randall, A.K., Bodenmann, G. & Lind W.R. (2016). Love Styles, Coping, and Relationship Satisfaction: A Dyadic Approach. Personal Relationships, 23, 84-97. https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12112
Zacchilli, T.L., Hendrick, C. & Hendrick, S.S. (2009). The Romantic Partner Conflict Scale: A New Scale to Measure Relationship Conflict. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 26, 1073-1096. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407509347936
Zadeh, S.S. & Bozorgi, Z.D. (2016). Relationship between the Love Styles, Personality Traits, and the Marital Life of Married Students. International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies, 746-756.